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Luke Neuman is a consultant at Fidelity Networks and Development. Fidelity was founded in 2000 and is based in South Florida specializing in networking infrastructure, computer support, and custom application development. Luke has been in the IT industry for over 5 years. http://www.fidelitynetworks.com
December 20, 2007
A battery as we know it is a device that stores chemical energy and through an electrochemical process (electromotive force) converts the stored chemical energy into electric energy via a direct current voltage. The chemical conversion is a process of chemical change created by adding or losing chemical substances (electrons, oxygen, lithium etc.) inside the battery and used by a connecting device (i.e. PDA, iPod, Digital Camera).
A battery cell is the most basic electrochemical unit and often time cells are stacked on top of one another to meet a specific energy design or need, however, when we are speaking of battery cells we refer to them as a battery whether there is one cell, three, or more in a series.
Within each battery cell are three basic components: the anode, the cathode, and an electrolyte solution. Just to be clear every battery design does indeed have more components contained in the battery then the three listed above, however, the electrodes and the electrolyte are the very basic components of all batteries. In part 1 of this 2 part report however we are going to focus specifically on the cathode and the anode, commonly referred to as the electrodes.
Batteries power devices by the creation of direct electrical current drawn from the flow of electrons, flowing back and forth between the electrodes. The basic format is that electrons collect on the negative electrode, when a substance (i.e a wire, an electrolyte) is placed as a separator between the negative electrode and the positive electrode the electrons flow (are drawn) to the positive electrode. This flow creates a current. The electron current, or electricity, can then be directed to a device and used as a power stream.
The reason why electrons flow is part of the atomic design. Electrons spin around the center, or nucleus, of atoms, in the same way the earth spins around the sun. The nucleus is made up of neutrons and protons. Electrons contain a negative charge, protons a positive charge. Neutrons are neutral - they have neither a positive nor a negative charge.
There are many different kinds of atoms, one for each type of element. An atom is a single part that makes up an element. There are 118 different known elements. The mass accumulation of elements makes up every thing we can see, touch, hear, and smell (elements are even in things we can?t see).
Each atom has a specific number of electrons, protons and neutrons. But no matter how many particles an atom has, the number of electrons usually needs to be the same as the number of protons. If the numbers are the same, the atom is called balanced, and it is very stable.
Some kinds of atoms have loosely attached electrons. An atom that loses electrons has more protons than electrons and is positively charged. An atom that gains electrons has more negative particles and is negatively charge. A ‘charged’ atom is called an ‘ion.’
The very nature of a positive atom is that a positive atom attracts electrons from negative charged atoms to in effect balance the positive atoms. Why, not sure, and for this article not pertinent. What is necessary to know is that the flow of electrons to positive charged atoms is essential for a direct electrical current.
You see electrons can be engineered to move from one atom to another. When those electrons move between the atoms, a current or flow of electricity is created. The electrons move from one atom to another in a ‘flow.’ One electron is attached and another electron is lost. This creates a continual equilibrium amongst the atoms.
Engineers manufacture disequilibrium to create free negative electrons so that the positive atoms will attract the electrons at the positive electrode, thereby creating an electron flow or electrical current. When electrons move from atom to atom a current of electricity is created. This is what happens in a piece of wire. The electrons are passed from atom to atom, creating an electrical current from one end to other end.
Inside the battery itself, is a chemical reaction that produces the electrons. If the electrons are not moving then the battery can sit on the shelf for a year. Once the chemical is activated and the flow of electrons takes place, even for a moment then the loss of power begins and there is no stopping it. This is why you never want to buy a used battery.
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? Dan Hagopian. You have permission to publish this article electronically or in print, free of charge, as long as the bylines are included with link. Dan Hagopian of http://www.batteryship.com is a known electronics author that specializes in portable power gadgets. His work can be found on the BatteryShip blog at http://www.batteryeducation.com He frequently writes about pda batteries, ipod batteries, general battery technology for our mobile world, new fuel cell technology and interesting power related inventions. For further information please visit http://www.batteryship.com where you can also find PDA Battery Replacement Kits, iPod battery, iPAQ battery, Clie battery, Palm Battery, Axim battery, Treos, and Blackberries.
November 29, 2007
Automator, Tiger’s automation tool, can be such a valuable traveller’s aid. It can help you take care of all sorts of little travel-related chores. Here are a couple of Automator workflows that take advantage of the iPod to help mobile Mac users. They’re also examples of the kinds of things Automator can do, so feel free to mix and match them and experiment further.
Copy documents to your iPod
It’s every traveller’s nightmare: losing your laptop. You can alleviate that anxiety a bit by saving backup copies of your most important documents (Keynote presentations, Google maps of your itinerary, and so on) on your iPod. The bonus is that you can also review those documents without firing up your laptop (as long as the documents are legible on the iPod’s screen).
To create the workflow, open Automator and assemble the actions indicated in the order given. (If, for example, a step starts with ‘PDF: Render PDF Pages as Images,’ find the PDF’ library of actions in Automator’s left-most pane. Then find the ?Render PDF Pages As Images? action in the middle pane and drag it over to the right). Configure each action as specified.
1. PDF: Render PDF Pages As Images ? This action takes PDF files as input (you’ll specify which ones later) and extracts their pages as image files. The default settings (for Colour Model, Format, Resolution, and Compression) should work fine.
2. Finder: Rename Finder items - This action renames the image files that are created by the previous action, and adds a unique numeric suffix to each new name. When the warning box pops up, click ‘Don’t Add’. In the topmost pop-up menu, select ‘Make Sequential’. Select ‘New Name’ and enter a name ? ‘Doc Page’ ? in the text field. Leave the ‘Place Number’ menu set to ‘After Name’ and the ‘Start Numbers At’ setting 1, and make sure ‘Separated By’ is set to Dash. Then set the ‘Make All Numbers’ box to ‘2 Digits Long’.
3. Finder: Rename Finder items ? Now you’re going to append the current date to the front of each image’s new name. Again click on ‘Don’t Add’ in the warning box. Select ‘Add Date or Time’ from the first pop-up menu, and set the ‘Date/Time’ pop-up to ‘Current’, the ‘Where’ pop-up to ‘Before Name’, and the two ‘Separator’ pop-ups to ‘Dash’. Specify whatever you want for ‘Format’, and select the ‘Use Leading Zeros’option.
4. iPhoto: Import Photos into iPhoto ? Your workflow is now going to import the images you’ve created and named in the previous three actions into an iPhoto album. Select ‘New Album’ and enter a name ?’Doc Pages’ ? in the text field. A new album will be created only if there isn’t already one with that name. Then select the ‘Delete The Source Images After importing Them’ option.
5. iTunes: Update iPod ? This action tells iTunes to update the connected iPod. You’ll get a warning to that effect; just click on ‘Continue’.
Running the workflow
Before you run this workflow, make sure you’ve configured iTunes to automatically synchronise photos from iPhoto albums: in the iPod tab of the iTunes preference pane, select ‘Photos’, select the ‘Synchronise Photos From’ option, and choose iPhoto. Select the ‘Copy Selected Albums Only’ option, and then choose ‘Doc Pages’ (or whatever you called your album) from the list below.
As noted in the first action, you must tell this workflow which PDF files you want saved as images. You could save this workflow to your desktop, find each PDF you want converted in the ?Finder?, and drop it onto the workflow as a printing plug-in, which will make it an option in any application?s ?Print? dialog box.
To do this, select ?Save AS Plug-in? from the ?File? menu in Automator. Next, select ?Print Workflow? from the Plug-in For pop-up menu, and enter a name ? Doc Page Images to iPod. Click on the ?Save? button to complete the process.
Once the workflow has been saved as a plug-in, you can trigger it in any application by selecting ?Print? from the ?File? menu, clicking on the ?PDF? button at the bottom of the ?Print? dialog box, and then locating and selecting your workflow. The document will be saved as a PDF file, and that PDF will be sent to the workflow as an input.
Listen to your e-mail
You can?t always sit down and read your e-mail if you?re on the run; however, you can listen to your messages, by first converting them to audio and then saving that audio on your iPod. Here?s a workflow that will do just that.
Before you start
You?ll need to create a folder to hold your email messages ? Audio Email Messages ? on your desktop. Next, you?ll need to create a playlist in iTunes to hold the audio version of those messages. Then you?ll need to plug in your iPod and configure it to include the playlist you just created when it gets updated (by either selecting ?Automatically Update All Songs And Playlists? in the iPod tab of the iTunes preference pane, or selecting ?Automatically Update Selected Playlists Only? and choosing the playlist you just made).
1. Automator: Run AppleScript - Automator doesn?t include an action for retrieving the contents of an email message. But since Apple?s Mail is scriptable and there?s an Automator action that triggers AppleScript code, it?s doable. After you?ve dragged the ?Run AppleScript? action into Automator?s Workflow pane, replace the default AppleScript code in it with the following:
on run {input, parameters}
tell application ?Mail?
set theSelection to selection
if theSelection {} then return content of item 1 of the selection
end tell
error ?Please select a message in Mail to save as an iPod note.?
end run
2. Text Edit: Text to Audio File - This saves the email text as an audio file in a specified folder. Choose a system voice (if you want), and enter a name ? say, Audio Email Message ? into the ?Save As? field. In the ?Where? pop-up menu, select the folder you created before building the workflow (Audio Email Messages, in this case).
3. iTunes: Add Files To Playlist - This adds the audio file you just generated to a specified playlist in iTunes. Select ?Existing Playlist?; then choose the playlist you created (Audio email messages) from the pop-up menu.
Running the workflow
Once your workflow is complete, you could trigger it from within Automator. However, you might want a way to trigger it quickly from within ?Mail?. To do this, save the workflow as a plug-in for OS X?s Script menu. Select ?Save As Plug-in? from the ?File? Menu in Automator. Next, select ?Script Menu? from the ?Plug-in For? pop-up menu, and enter a name ? ?Save Selected Message as Audio File? to iPod ? Click on the ?Save? button to complete the process.
Once you have saved the workflow as a ?Script? menu plug-in, you should see a script icon sitting in your menu bar. To trigger the workflow, bring ?Mail? to the front, select a message, and then choose the workflow from the ?Script? menu.
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Daniel Dwase is the webmaster of http://www.best-ipod-online.com a website that provides reviews and buyers guide of iPods and accessories. Find out more about iPods and Podcasting.
November 10, 2007
In part 1 of ?The Battery - Cathodes, Anodes, and Electrodes? we discussed how engineers manufacture disequilibrium to create free negative electrons so that the positive atoms will attract the electrons at the positive electrode, thereby creating an electron flow. We spoke about electrodes and their function in receiving electrons, and we spoke about how a direct current is created in a battery. We also discussed how batteries power mobile devices by the creation of direct electrical current drawn from the flow of electrons, flowing back and forth between the electrodes. Now in part 2 of this report I will look closer at the electrodes and their effect on the flow of electrons.
Collectively the anode and the cathode are called the electrodes. The electrodes typically are referenced as a negative electrode and a positive electrode instead of the anode and the cathode in batteries since either electrode can become the anode or the cathode depending on the voltage applied to the cell and the direction of electron flow. The positive electrode can be a lithium cobalite composite (LiCoO2) and the negative electrode can be a carbon-graphite composite.
If we can define an anode we would say that the anode is the electrode at which electrons come up from the battery cell and where oxidation occurs. One side bar is that many battery manufacturers regard the anode as the positive electrode, even though that is technically incorrect, however it does help resolve the problem of which electrode is the anode in a rechargeable cell (or secondary cell).
The cathode on the other hand could then be defined as the electrode at which electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs.
One point that was a challenge for me to grasp was that the each electrode may become either the anode or the cathode depending on the flow of the electrons. In part 1 of this report we learned that positive atoms attract electrons from negative charged atoms to balance the positive atoms. The attraction creates an electron flow, flowing at a speed of 62,000,000,000,000,000,000 electrons per second (62 quintillion electrons per second)! These electrons flow on ions from the anode?to?cathode outside of cell and from cathode?to?anode inside a cell, which results in two types of current [a negative ion (anion) flow and positive ion (cation) flow. The two currents flowing from anode to cathode result in a network of electron flow.
As mentioned earlier the positive electrode can be a lithium cobalite composite (LiCoO2) and the negative electrode can be a carbon-graphite composite. But what is key is that in commercial battery cells, the cathode?s active material is a litiated transition-metal oxide such as lithium cobalt oxide. Because lithium is more electropositive then hydrogen, the electrolyte must be nonaqueous and aprotic. A representative formulation is a solution (1:1 by volume) of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate containing a suitable lithium salt such as lithium hexaflourophosphate, LiPF6, which raises the conductivity of the electrolyte. A separator of electrolyte, made of polyolefin such as micropourous polypropylene, is placed between the electrodes for safety. If the electrolyte temperature exceeds a certain value the separator melts and current flow ceases. The cells reaction is the formation of lithium cobalt oxide.
From part 1 and part 2 of ?The Battery - Cathodes, Anodes, and Electrodes? we have learned that at work inside your battery is some really incredible activity - a power source that is really rather marvelous when considered thoughtfully. I hope this review of how batteries power your mobile computing devices was enlightening.
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? Dan Hagopian. You have permission to publish this article electronically or in print, free of charge, as long as the bylines are included with link. Dan Hagopian of http://www.batteryship.com is a known electronics author that specializes in portable power gadgets. His work can be found on the BatteryShip blog at http://www.batteryeducation.com He frequently writes about pda batteries, ipod batteries, general battery technology for our mobile world, new fuel cell technology and interesting power related inventions. For further information please visit http://www.batteryship.com where you can also find PDA Battery Replacement Kits, iPod battery, iPAQ battery, Clie battery, Palm Battery, Axim battery, Treos, and Blackberries.
November 1, 2007
The benefits of laptop computers are immense. They are stylish, portable, business-friendly, and a good one can now do almost anything a desktop can do. How different laptop models compare, however, is something that you should explore before buying the first one you see.
When inspecting new laptops at a store, it is always a good idea to consider their size and weight, so as to discover which models are portable enough for your lifestyle. A constantly traveling mobile professional, for example, probably wouldn?t be interested in a machine that weighed 8 lbs.
Another thing to think about is the ergonomic design of your notebook of choice. You should try out the keyboard and touch pad before buying, to make sure you find it comfortable to work on.
As a rule, it is a good idea to find a machine that has at least two USB ports, as well as a FireWire connection if you plan to make use of high-speed peripherals like CD burners.
It is also important to think about the specific features you want in a laptop computer. If you frequently need to access the internet outside your home, for example, built-in Wi-Fi connectivity can be a real blessing. If you plan to use your computer for entertainment purposes, an integrated DVD player, coupled with a relatively large screen resolution is nice to have.
Overall, the process of buying a new laptop, or consumer electronics device of any kind, requires a great deal of thought. It is important to picture yourself using the device and think long and hard about what features you will want and need.
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About the Author:
Jeremy Maddock is a well-known technology blogger, and owner of http://www.laptopreviews.ca
Laptop Reviews
October 26, 2007
Almost all people have cell phones because technology has ever been arising to bring more and more features. You might have heard about cell phone ringtone. If you owncell phone, you will be interested of havingcell phone ringtone just like other people around.
Cell phone ringtone can be heard anywhere and you can easily recognize the song it plays if you are music savvy. The cell phone ringtone is made to distinguishphone from the other. When you are incrowd, you will easily recognize that it?s your call because the cell phone ringtone that is played.
Some people may have the same cell phone ringtone but people have different tastes and they change it all the time. Some would even personalize their cell phone ringtone and compose it their own. Cell phone ringtone has been the trend today.
When you hearfresh song being played on the radio, you will surely hear it infew days into someone?s cell phone and you can have it by copying the notes or by sending it through infrared or via bluetooth. The sound of the cell phone ringtone is amazing that you can easily determine the song.
You can personalize your ringtone by the person who is calling. If you knowperson?s favorite song, you can setcertain ringtone for her, which is exclusive and will play only when she is the one calling. Customizing is always fun and it is never boring.
With all the thousands and millions of cell phone ringtone, you will totally feel dizzy to choose what?s best and might as well have it all if your phone has sufficient memory storage. If you want the ringtone to work on your cell phone, you need to installprogram to your phone, which will enable it to play the tune.
The settings for the installation will vary from the phone that you are using. When it is activated, you can easily receive ringtones for free and you can even download them through the Internet. Some cell phone ringtones may not be for free while some are just easy to get.
You can open your friends phone in the composer settings and take down the notes and type it to your phone and you get instant cell phone ringing tones without the hassle. Owningphone is very practical nowadays and customizing your ringing tones is natural and in the trend.
Although there are some ringing tones that are disturbing and annoying, you can always have your choice of smooth ringing tones the way you like it. Some people consider ringing tones aspublic distraction, the level of the sound can always be minimized and you can set your phone in different modes such as silent.
Don?t set your cell phone ringing tones tohigh level especially at places like libraries, churches, meetings and classes. When you are in crowd or inconcert, you can set it as loud as you can without bothering anyone.
Now that you know how to personalize and have your own ringing tone, recall your favorite songs and look for it in the Internet. For sure you will havegreat choice that will be perfect for your cell phone.
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This content is provided by Radoslav Opalchenov. It may be used only in its entirety with all links included. For more information on ringtones, please visit Rudixword’s Free Ringtones
October 24, 2007
If your desktop computer experience has long been problematic due to your frequent travels or busy working schedules, perhaps it is time to consider investing in buying a laptop computer. Much lighter and with a variety of features available, laptops have progressively gained more and more fans who advocate in favor of their extremely efficient design and look. In fact, for most university students and business executives, owning a laptop has recently become a necessity.
However, purchasing a laptop, or commonly referred to as a notebook, entails some risks one should be aware on how to avoid or at least minimize. Due to their compact size and extremely vulnerable interiors, computer experts support that is always wise to begin by estimating your most essential computer requirements and then browsing the various laptop models available on the market before concluding on the one that best fits your current needs. Considering factors such as size, hard drive and memory capabilities, network connections, and of course price, are some of the most important elements you should include in your laptop comparisons.
With the numerous laptop models offered by computer manufacturers, some brands might be more suitable for your present needs than others. Thus, it is extremely important to consider first how you plan to use your new laptop computer. Are you interested in internet navigation and online shopping, or are you primarily intend to use it for work-related functions, such as writing or manipulating data? The key to finding the right laptop is to be absolutely honest on your present and future use. It would be unwise to purchase a notebook that costs a lot more than another model, just because it includes a software program or a hardware device you do not intend to use anytime soon. In fact, if you are aware of your needs and you know why you are willing to invest in the mobility and efficiency of a laptop, you are much better off than someone who will visit a store or online auction unprepared. Instead of going along with salespersons? opinions, who, let?s face it, are willing to sell you more from what you can probably afford, it is much more desirable to know what you need and what type of hardware or software feature can help you attain your goals.
Last but not least, consider requesting some useful advice for your new laptop computer system from a friend that might be an expert on computers or at least knows more than you on the subject. Something you might not be aware of or do not know that is available, he or she will be able to pinpoint and advice you accordingly. By defining what you need before you purchase your notebook will make you feel more knowledgeable and increase your assurance level that the machine you are about to buy can indeed become your next new ?best friend.?
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John Gibb is the owner of Laptop computer sources, For more information on laptop computers check out http://www.laptop-computer-sources4u.info
With the extensive variety of laptop, or notebook, models available on the market today, it is extremely difficult for some people to conclude on purchasing the one that is most convenient for their needs. Different computer features offer potential laptop users a vast world of technology based ideas to accomplish a given task. From copying a CD-Rom data to writing your own code, laptops can be used as desktops, adding effectiveness and efficiency to their small easy-to-carry size.
Given that you are not a computer expert, but you do know some of your desktop computer?s main functions and components, the following simple steps can lead you closer to a laptop deal that you will not regret two weeks after the purchase.
Begin by thinking of your ideal laptop computer size. With the world of mobile computing increasing at a great speed, size currently does make a difference. In particular, a notebook?s size affects two main factors of your next laptop decision: its ability to be carried around easily and its display screen size. In fact, if you are constantly on the go and you need portability to be a key characteristic of your laptop experience, then it is advisable to purchase a smaller model. On the hand, in case you are planning to spend hours in front of your laptop?s computer screen, then you are better off with a larger display that will not cause your shoulders any unnecessary strain. With screens exceeding 17 inches, some of the available laptops do not loose anything when compared with desktops. But the down side is that as bigger the laptop gets, its weight also increases.
Next you have to figure out how big you need your hard drive to be as well as how much of system memory, or RAM, you will need. Deciding on your laptop?s hard drive is a process that requires you to think whether or not your notebook purchase will be you main computer system, or if it going to act as a supplement to your existing desktop. In case this will be your principal computer system, it is wise to select a larger hard drive that will accommodate all your software programs and files ?purchasing a laptop with 60 GB RAM or more is the perfect solution in this case. If you are now planning to use your portable computer unit as a graphic designer?s tool or digital photographer?s database unit, then you will need as much memory as a laptop can hold. In fact, how much memory your laptop can hold can be part of your decision, since larger than 256 MB of RAM would not serve your publishing or image development needs.
Of course, your laptops network connection abilities should be such so as to allow you to stay connected either to the Internet, to a wireless network, or to a home and office intranet network. Build-in network connections will allow you to be always accessible and will ease your overall laptop experience.
Finally, but most importantly, prior to any purchase decide on your available budget. Although, laptop prices have decreased, it?s still a pretty big investment.
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John Gibb is the owner of Laptop computer sources, For more information on laptop computers check out http://www.laptop-computer-sources4u.info
Simply put: ?YES!? Whichever your current computing needs may be, owning a laptop system is not considered anymore a luxury item, but rather, a necessity. Anyone, from college students and frequent business travelers to entrepreneurs and photographers, should possess a laptop, given the fact that it provides a mobile and light-weight computing experience for computer users around the world.
Recent research indicates that laptops are in fact used extensively as people need to own computer systems that are as mobile as they are. Buying an effective machine that can also be easy to carry around has increased considerably the laptop sales over the last decade, considering the lower manufacturer and assembly costs. Deals between hardware developers and software engineers have resulted in improved notebook systems that incorporate the ability of them being transferred easily from one place to another, as well as being able to compute much more than the main software functions, like reading and composing emails, operating spreadsheets, or using word processing applications. In fact, whether one needs to take work from one office location to another or do some work while onboard, today?s laptops can accomplish almost any task.
But if you are still contemplating on whether or not you actually do need a laptop to perform your computer-related work, it is useful to consider the vast capabilities of these travel-ready devices as well as your current needs and ability to operate them. Owning a highly portable workstation can provide you with entertainment, productivity and ease of use. Forget about long messy cords and mouse pads. Easy to navigate with your fingers, today?s laptop models need no more than their rechargeable batteries or just an outlet in order to connect to their AC adapter before you are able to go online and enjoy a truly hassle-free computer experience.
Listening to music, playing games, watching videos, or writing a paper has never been easier. Laptop computers allow users to accommodate them to their daily schedules instead of the other way around. Some offer screens that are only visible to the person that seats directly across them, eliminating the chances of one being able to visibly access your files and folders. Headphones and microphones, as used with desktop publishers are used to provide an efficient but considerate experience. Keep in mind that most of the available models come with software applications already in place making Internet browsing or working on a project a simple and easy process of starting up the machine.
Finally, since laptop computers have become a mainstream device, many affordable models are offered in electronic stores or are available to be ordered directly from the Internet websites of the laptops? manufacturers.
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John Gibb is the owner of Laptop computer sources, For more information on laptop computers check out http://www.laptop-computer-sources4u.info
October 23, 2007
When buying a battery for your mobile device (PDA, iPod, Digital Camera etc.) make certain you are only buying new batteries ? never buy a used or refurbished batteries! Why? The answer to that is analogous to the question ?Would you Buy a Half Eaten Sandwich?? The answer undoubtedly is no! Here is why!
A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and through an electrochemical process (electromotive force) converts the stored chemical energy into electric energy via a direct current. The chemical conversion is a process of chemical change created by adding or losing chemical substances (electrons, oxygen, lithium etc.) inside the battery and used by a connecting device (i.e. PDA, iPod, Digital Camera).
Inside the battery as the chemical conversion begins a reaction produces an electron flow. If the electrons are not flowing between the anode, cathode, and electrolyte then the battery can sit on the shelf for a year or more. However, once the chemical is activated oxidation and reduction occurs and the flow of electrons takes place, thereby creating a direct electrical current. Considering that electrons flow a 62 quintillion per second (62,000,000,000,000,000,000 electrons per second) then it takes only a very small moment for power to be created and here is the kicker ? the only way to stop is to let the chemical exhaust itself!
How is the chemical inside my battery activated? The technical answer is by placing a load on the battery (i.e. by connecting your battery to a device regardless if the device is turned on). The basic operation is that electrons collect on the negative electrode, when a substance (i.e a wire, an electrolyte) is placed as a separator between the negative electrode and the positive electrode the electrons flow (are drawn) to the positive electrode. This flow creates a current. The electron current, or electricity, can then be directed to a device and used as a power stream.
Once electrical current is established then the only way to stop it is to let the chemical degrade to the point where the capacity is almost non-existent. This is called battery degradation and begins once the chemistry has been activated. Battery degradation is the normal wear and tear effect of battery usage and its inevitable effects are declining capacity, increasing internal resistance, elevated self-discharge, and premature voltage cut-off on discharge.
Because of these things you do not want to buy a used battery or a refurbished battery any more then you would buy a half eaten sandwich.
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? Dan Hagopian. You have permission to publish this article electronically or in print, free of charge, as long as the bylines are included with link. Dan Hagopian of http://www.batteryship.com is a known electronics author that specializes in portable power gadgets. His work can be found on the BatteryShip blog at http://www.batteryeducation.com. He frequently writes about pda batteries, ipod batteries, general battery technology for our mobile world, new fuel cell technology and interesting power related inventions. For further information please visit http://www.batteryship.com where you can also find PDA Battery Replacement Kits, iPod battery, iPAQ battery, Clie battery, Palm Battery, Axim battery, Treos, and Blackberries.
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